Visual Arts Essays - Aesthetics, Art Movements, Art History

Visual Arts Essays - Esthetics, Art Movements, Art History Visual Arts Kendall R. Facial hair College of Phoenix Characterize Visual Arts Visual articulations are the creation of an individual's inventive capacity in different kinds of workmanship, for instance, canvases, drawing, film, photography, makes, music, jewels plan, etc. These masterpieces are made to enable the resources of feeling, feeling, and considered the passerby. The visual craftsmanship makes a remarkable issue for every individual observer whether the reaction is incensed, upbeat, or shocking. The workmanship should make this kind of reaction which may differentiate starting with one individual then onto the next. Since one individual doesn't understand the message that the skilled worker is endeavoring to send doesn't infer that various spectators won't get the message. Everyone individual has their own sort of response and reaction. Separate the visual expressions from different types of innovative articulation. All through the recorded scenery of craftsmanship, different experts have made a workmanship articulations that shift from one another inside their own class. For example, show-stoppers have their own different sorts of imaginative articulations that conveys the skilled workers message utilizing particular styles of tints and shapes inside the canvas. A couple specialists like to portray electrifying scenes and some prefer to make delineations of certifiable enunciations of the real world. Underneath will list particular imaginative articulations including painting: Authenticity - Realism imaginative articulation depicts scenes that are prominent as being sensible. An instance of credibility articulation is the notable Mona Lisa painting. Impressionism - Numerous notable painters, for instance, Renoir and Manet use impressionism. Impressionism depicts striking visual scenes of territory, water, and air that is seen through the skilled workers eyes. A lake, lake, or a wonderful scene exhibiting the mountain point of view and knolls is an instance of impressionism. Photograph authenticity - Photorealism resembles authenticity yet as opposed to painting the craftsmanship, photos are used to communicate what the skilled workers sees, for instance, light and shade of a particular thing. Road Art - Street Art is an incredibly standard inventive articulation normally used by youngsters. The skilled workers would depict their social and political investigations through divider artistic creations and spray painting. An enormous part of these masters have not had the arrangement, for instance, skilled workers that usage validness and impressionism inside their forte. While structures have assorted styles of conveying the skilled workers inventive capacity and inventiveness, there are various kinds of making creative articulations that have their own style. Music for example is a masterpiece articulation that has various classes. Music is molded through different order sorts, for instance, country, pop, conventional, metal, rock and move, reggae, etc. Music has various more sorts of sorts and styles then the class of fine arts. There is even an arrangement of music that the entertainer makes with their mouth which is called beat-boxing which is really new, introduced in the 21st century. Similarly, in various regions all through the world are various social orders and heritage that have their own unique sorts of music. Trinidad and Tobago are known not steel skillet that make incredibly stand-out sounds while K-Pop of Korea are known not engaging beats with a mix of rock, pop, hip-bounce, and RB. Music is an incredibly notable sort of craftsmanshi p articulation that is used as a piece of the present overall population in excess of a gem. Rundown the various media of visual workmanship, for example, painting, figure, photography, etc. There are a wide scope of mediums that can be used to show the pros imaginative vitality, opinions, and feeling. These mediums can go from masterpieces, models, calligraphy, photography, etc. Underneath will list the sort of mediums used as a piece of visual workmanship close by its delineation: Painting - Painting is one of the principle phenomenal present day workmanship improvements. Crafted by workmanship compelling artwork for the most part addresses the authority's imaginative vitality through painting on a canvas or paper. The specialists use a brush and various sorts of tones to make workmanship. Various can say that show-stopper is a way for the experts to talk with the social event of individuals. The craftsmanship can be either a scene, still life, pop workmanship, and some more. Leonardo da

Psychology and Social Support Essay

Marriage nowadays doesn't appear to keep going exceptionally long. Two months after his wedding, your companion Tom trusts in you that he’s troubled in his marriage. He discloses to you that he and his significant other appear to be battling constantly, and nothing appears to get settled. He will in general be exceptionally nervous anyway(His companions call him â€Å"Type-A Tom†) and now he feels like the pressure of the steady squabbling is influencing each part of his life, including his wellbeing. Since you’re in a Psychology class, he approaches you for your musings on the odds of his marriage enduring and your recommendation about what he can do about his pressure. In light of what you’ve read (either in the relegated readings in this module or your own Internet inquire about), you answer his inquiries by tending to 10 factors that might be identified with his circumstance. Quickly talk about every one of these variables (and how it might identify with Tom’s bind) in a 5-7 page article. The Factors are: Consistency of the stressor. In brain research, stress is an inclination of strain and weight. Side effects may incorporate a feeling of being overpowered, sentiments of tension, by and large touchiness, uncertainty, apprehension, social withdrawal, loss of craving, sadness, alarm assaults, fatigue, high or low circulatory strain, skin emissions or rashes, sleep deprivation, absence of sexual want (sexual brokenness), headache, gastrointestinal troubles (blockage or looseness of the bowels), and for ladies, menstrual indications. It might likewise cause progressively genuine conditions, for example, heart issues. Likewise, trial examine which has been performed on creatures, additionally showed outcomes identifying with pressure and negative consequences for the body. It has been indicated that pressure adds to the commencement and improvement of explicit tumors inside the body. A stressor is any occasion, understanding, or ecological improvement that causes worry in an individual.[22] These occasions or encounters are seen as dangers or difficulties to the individual and can be either physical or mental. Analysts have discovered that stressors can make people progressively inclined to both physical and mental issues, including coronary illness and anxiety.[23] Stressors are bound to influence an individual’s wellbeing when they are â€Å"chronic, exceptionally problematic, or saw as uncontrollable†.[23] In brain science, specialists by and large arrange the various sorts of stressors into four classifications: 1) emergencies/fiascoes, 2) significant life occasions, 3) day by day bothers/microstressors, and 4) encompassing stressors. Social help (human connections) Social help is the observation and reality that one is thought about, has help accessible from others, and that one is a piece of a strong informal community. These strong assets can be passionate (e.g., nurturance), substantial (e.g., budgetary help), educational (e.g., exhortation), or friendship (e.g., feeling of having a place). Social help can be estimated as the observation that one has help accessible, the real gotten help, or how much an individual is incorporated in an informal community. Backing can emerge out of numerous sources, for example, family, companions, pets, associations, colleagues, and so forth. Government offered social help is frequently alluded to as Public guide.

Book Riots Deals of the Day for October 5th, 2019

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The Pedagogy Of Poverty And Education - 1087 Words

What is the main argument the author makes and how does it apply to contemporary education? The practices which are taught in schools of low socio-economic status are limited and do not give students the skills and knowledge to reach their full potential. The core functions of the ‘pedagogy of poverty’ used in urban schools constitutes what teaching is thought to be by external parties from the classroom. However, this method of teaching is not effective to fulfil the learning needs for urban students of all ages and learning needs. The ‘basic pedagogy’ has been overlooked to be restructured to cater all students, due to the common belief that teachers are incapable of change. For this essay, the author Martin Haberman raises a number of pedagogical issues that have limited the educational possibilities for students and sacrificed the teaching quality of educators. These are topics that are discussed to resolve the growing issue for the urban students of the 21st century and the teaching skills and knowledge of our modern educators. The wider community believe that teaching falls under a simple banner of ‘basic pedagogy’ that involves the giving of information by the teacher, who then tests their students’ knowledge through questioning, homework and exams. Many do not know the full range of pedagogical options that can be utilised by teachers to engage students in their education. There is nothing wrong with the activities that make up the ‘basic pedagogy’ and any ofShow MoreRelatedWhat I Learned At The Classroom Environment Essay1490 Words   |  6 Pagesresponsive classroom. As stated in the literature review, reflection has been a critical component of creating such culture. As a white female and a product of the upper-middle class, I was quickly forced to apply my knowledge of cultural responsive pedagogy when I accepted a position teaching a Title-1 school with over 90% of students representing various minorities in Metro Atlanta. I swiftly realized that my students and I d erived from different backgrounds, but I knew I had to make learning relevantRead MoreWhy I Would Become A Teacher1497 Words   |  6 Pagesin which every member of the community participates in self-governance. Democratic education also brings democratic values to education, such as equality, justice, respect, trust and encourages individuality. Each person in the democratic school, from the students all the way to the administrative level have an equal voice and decision on matters. According to John Dewey’s (Pandey, 2012) idea the aims of education should be oriented towards preparing students to be full and active participants inRead MoreBehavioural Difficulties : Behavioral Difficulties1645 Words   |  7 PagesSix weeks ago, I was asked ‘What Behavioural Difficulties in education means to me’. I explained that the term ‘behavioural difficulties’ instantly made me think of medically defined disabilities, purely because a student’s disab ility can affect their behaviour in many ways (Gates, Newell Wray, 2001). My views to date have changed slightly, as I have developed the opinion that ‘behavioural difficulties’ are the net result of a situation or problem, the student’s behaviour simply being catalysedRead MoreHigh Stakes Test Scores And Graduation Rates982 Words   |  4 Pageseducational system. Urban school districts have the odds stacked against them. Often times the families attending urban schools live in poverty. Poverty creates many social-emotional, mental, physical, economic and educational issues. People regularly blame the students or their families as a reason why students in urban settings are receiving unequal education when compared to their suburban counterparts. What is not considered is â€Å"educational outcomes for students of color are much more a functionRead MoreCritical Pedagogy And The Reggio Emilia1533 Words   |  7 PagesCritical pedagogy and The Reggio Emilia approach on play based learning should be merged into early childhood education as obtaining the skills to critically analyze and problem solve has the potential to change society and thus the potential to change the world. It is important individuals become aware of what critical pedagogy is. Critical pedagogy stems from the idea that there is an unequal social structure in our society which is based upon class, race and gender. It has been formulated andRead MoreThe Humanities Curriculum Project: A Case Study1237 Words   |  5 Pagespresent aim of secondary education is to reflect enduring values such as commitment to the virtues of honesty, trust, duty and justice, because they contribute to a healthy and sustainable society. In order to illustrate how the United Kingdom chose to cope with the challenges of globalization, the Humanities Curriculum Project is an interesting case study. The key question as posed by Director Stenhouse was how to better address the aspirations of secondary education for everybody,  regardlessRead MoreFreire, The, And Psychology Of Language1517 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Paulo Freire was born in Recife, Brazil in 1921. He became familiar with grief, suffering; poverty, and hunger during the Great Depression. His social life consisted of playing stickball or a pickup game of football with less privileged children. He learned a lot from those childhood experiences, which later contributed to his overwhelming concern for the less privileged. As a result, Freire constructed an educational viewpoint, which focused on aiding the illiterate. EducationalRead MoreElementary Secondary Education Act Of 1965 And Its Versions No Child Left Behind Act1488 Words   |  6 PagesEducation is valued as one of the most important aspects of socio-economic group mobilization and social elevation in the United States. Operating under a human capital ideology education in the U.S. is a means to provide education to individuals in an effort for continued economic advancement for our nation. However, as times change education fails to completely change with it. Secondary education is no longer seen as a means to earning financial stability. Primary education encompasses complexityRead MoreThe Transmission Model Of Banking Education Essay1700 Words   |  7 Pages Furthermore, through his critique of traditional education, Friere asserted that the transmission model of ‘Banking’ education was prevalent, and was used by the hegemonic class to ensure the oppressed remained within a repressive state, in the Magical Consciousness state, and were unaware of their own oppression. Additionally, through the banking model the educator is viewed as the fount of all knowledge, and views the student as an empty container, whom the educator must fill with knowledge. ThroughRead More Education Can End Systematic Oppression1334 Words   |  6 Pages The subject of expectations for higher education is one that tends to spark impassioned debate among educators, students and parents alike. In Pedagogy of the Oppressed Paulo Freire presses his audience to consider such expectations in light of one’s own intentions, motives, and affections toward those to be educated (Freire 50). He goes even further to suggest that a love for one another through empathetic dialogue, especially on the part of the educator, must be present in order for fear to

The Major Goals Of Software Quality Assurance Essay

Goals, Attributes, and Metrics Of SQA The major goals of Software Quality Assurance are as follows: Requirements quality: In order to make sure the good quality of a software product certain characteristics of requirements model like correctness, completeness and consistency play a very crucial role. The various attributes of the Requirement quality are Ambiguity in the communication , Completeness of the requirements models, Understandability of all deliverables, Volatility, Time (by activity) if any change in deliverable, Traceability, Model clarity for exact communication. The metrics to be followed for the quality in this stage are as follows: Calculate the total ambiguous modifiers(e.g., many, large, human-friendly), Technology Based Assessment and Task Based Development, give various sections/subsections, Number of rectifications in a requirement, total requirements that are not identified by design/code, total UML models used, Number of descriptive pages per model, all the UML errors. Design quality: Software design model is an important factor of software quality. Software developers should make sure that the product being designed is very much in compliance with the requirements model. The attributes of design quality are Architectural completeness, Component integrity, Complication of procedural design, Interface elaboration, Layout relevancy and Patterns The metrics to be followed for the quality in this stage are as follows: ïÆ'Ëœ Endurance of architecturalShow MoreRelatedTraining For Building Secure Software Security Activities853 Words   |  4 PagesThe BSIMM states that intelligence practices result in collections of knowledge to use to carry out software security activities throughout your organization (2015). The collection of security knowledge included in the intelligence domain are policy, standards, design and attack patterns in reference to a secure architecture and secure development framework within the SSF (McGraw, 2006). This domain provides the essential resources to equip the staff with the necessary training for development andRead MoreQuality Management in Agile Comparison with Traditional Project Management1553 Words   |  7 Pagesfeature breakdown structures. In order to track the progress of the project progress charts are used instead of Gantt charts. Cross-functional and test-driven development teams starts working from the very beginning of the project to provide quality ass urance and quality control till the completion. Process of finding and removing bugs is done through iterations and then present to the customer. With the help of Agile approach teams can easily address the core risks of the project throughout the courseRead MoreThe Purpose Of Requirements Management1208 Words   |  5 Pagesproduct components and to identify inconsistencies between those requirements and the project s plans and work products. o Specific Goals: 1. Manage Requirements: Requirements are managed and inconsistencies with project plans and work products are identified. o General Goals: 1. Achieve Specific Goals: The process supports and enables achievement of the specific goals of the process area by transforming identifiable input work products to produce identifiable output work products. 2. InstitutionalizeRead MoreEssay about Total Quality Management1359 Words   |  6 PagesTotal Quality Management The emergence of the global marketplace demands that a company act on a global scale to be competitive. Competing on this level requires that a company provide a superior product and superior service. Companies desiring to achieve international quality status now have a manufacturing, quality control, and documentation standard in which to strive. ISO 9000 is the implemented international process management baseline for which all participating organizations will adhereRead MoreCoca Cola Knowledge Management1592 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough advanced software. There were few or no plans for engineering out the work or changing processes as a replacement for retention strategies. For the 26- to 40-year-old worker, the top strategies for retaining workers’ knowledge when they leave their job will be through communities of practice and professional networks, followed by documentation processes, the education and training of replacement employment, and the capture of work process knowledge through advanced software. There was littleRead MoreStrategic And Operational Plans For New Technologies1566 Words   |  7 Pagesafter for my experience and skill in being able to fuel an agency’s desire to change and adopt a culture that thrives on innovation and I have been successful, by authoring the strategic and operational plans, necessary to move the agency business goals forward. I have implementing the corresponding governance oversight to ensure that the plans result in the successful adoption of new technologies. Over 20 years of experience in providing expert, high-level technical advice and counsel to the CIORead MoreApplication Testing For Soft ware Testing1521 Words   |  7 Pages Before, we begin our job search for software Testing position. We will know what Software Testing is. â€Å"Software Testing is a process of evaluating a system or its components with the intention of checking whether the system developed satisfy the requirements. Testing is done for finding gaps, errors, or missing requirements causing hindrance to systems functionality†. As mentioned above, software testing is performed to identify software failures and get it corrected. â€Å"Testing cannot establishRead MoreSoftware Development Plan1293 Words   |  5 PagesExecutive Summary Software Development Plan The aim of this project is to provide with a system that assists in smooth flow of information and makes communication easier across the departments, employees, the system itself and the external healthcare system. It will only include the primary health care information such as details of patients, their treatments, expenses and reimbursements, third party payers, hospital staff, clinical transactions, equipments, assessments etc. The software is going toRead MoreRiordan Manufacturing Hr System1277 Words   |  6 Pagesinvolves several steps. These steps include Project Planning, Architectural Design, Data Collection, and Testing (Raj, 2010). In addition, Training is a very important the implementation plan. During the project planning phase, deciding on project goals, project costs, and communication about deadlines and resources. Within the architectural design phase, decisions on programming languages or vendor selection are made. Data collection is the next phase according to Raj (2010). This phase includesRead MoreSoftware Testing : Testing And Testing1470 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction Software testing has always been a vital step in software development process and is a very important technique used in quality assurance. A study proves that 30 – 50% of the project’s effort is put in testing and off this major part, a big piece is dedicated to developer’s testing. This developer’s testing is proved to be an efficient technique to detect and solve the defects in the early process of the development process. With this increasing popularity of unit testing, a number

Well Fargo Free Essays

A. Brief abstract / overview of case study Abstract The purpose of this paper is to answer the following questions: How should Wells Fargo Position it self for the future? Should it strengthen its retail presence, grow internationally, or move into the void created by the disappearance of investment banks? Develop Projected Financial Statements that fully assess and evaluate the impact of the proposed strategy. How are the acquisitions / growth financed? Will debt be increased further, or ownership of WFC stock be diluted to raise the capital needed? The author will attempt to answer these questions using chart sand graphs as illustrations and supporting evidence Overview case The paper submitted will contain a proposed plan of action using primarily data from Morning start oshowa proposed acquisition for Wells Fargo. We will write a custom essay sample on Well Fargo or any similar topic only for you Order Now This acquisition will greatly increase the Wealth, Brokerage, Retirement segment of Wells Fargo that has been underutilized and overlooked. This proposal will â€Å"marry† the benefits of TDA meritrade with the Cross-selling strength of Wells Fargo. The primary purpose that TDA meritrade was selected was convenience. Although Charles Schwa band E *TRADE are competitors of TDA meritrade, but they were not selected for varying reasons. Charles Schwabhasa history of refusing overtures for take overs after his disappointing episode of being bought up by a large corporation many years ago. E*TRADE, whom some experts consider having a high erupt side than TDA meritrade, is not nearly as stable or financially sound. Given the current economic uncertainty and the authors’ penchant for avoiding risk, TDA meritrade is the best option available of the large independent retail brokerages. According to Zacks Equity Research, an interesting side note is â€Å"that Wells Capital Management, the wholly owned institutional asset management subsidiary of Wells Fargo Bank, N. A. , and part of Wells Fargo’s Asset Management Group† (Zacks Equity Research, 2011) already owns about 2. 58% of TDA meritrade. (Morningstar. com, 2012) How should Wells Fargo Position it self for the future? Wells Fargo can position it self for the future by capitalizing on its one-stop shopping format for all financial products. Already with one of the highest cross-selling ratios in the world at 5. 81 products per banking household†¦Ã¢â‚¬  this number can and should go higher in the not too distant future. (APAeditorial, 2009) B. Vision Statement To satisfy all of the customers’ financial needs, help them succeed financially, be known as one of America’s great companies and the number-one financial services provider in each market C. Mission Statement We want to satisfy all of our customers’ financial needs, help them succeed financially, be the premier provider of financial services in every one of our markets, and be known as one of America’s great companies. Wells Fargo is committed to strengthening the company and the communities by proactively seeking minority, women, and disabled – owned suppliers, Wells Fargo strongly believe that Wells Fargo’s suppliers must reflect the diversity of team members, customers, and communities. Proactively seek to procure goods and services from minority, women, and disabled-owned businesses. Our Supplier Diversity team assists these businesses to access bid and contract opportunities through a combination of which is actively seek to establish relationships with diverse suppliers through business networking, electronic and print communications, and participation in supplier event nationwide. We encourage and assist suppliers to gain certification of their minority, women, or disabled- owned business status from independent local and national agencies. The Supplier Diversity team advises and guides diverse suppliers to prepare and position their businesses for maximum access to bid and contract opportunities. We actively communicate with minority, women, and disabled-owned suppliers, referring relevant Requests for Proposal and other potential business leads. Internally, the Supplier Diversity team works to ensure that diverse suppliers are represented and considered by Wells Fargo purchasing managers in all sourcing, contracting and procurement decisions. Wells Fargo SWOT * STRENGTH 1. Strong national presence and credible reputation (Strong brand) 2. Widely recognized as industry and market share leader (Industry leader) 3. Servicing for more than 25 million customers through over 6000 stores, the Internet, and other distribution channel across North America and elsewhere internationally (Worldwide service) 4. Values its people as its competitive advantage (Strong HR management team) 5. Values and treats its customer as friends (Loyal customers) 6. Leading innovator in the use of internet and e-commerce (Online growth) 7. Strong balance sheet and the ability to steer through the pitfalls that plagued its competitors (Strong financial position) * WEAKNESS 1. The Wachovia Bank subprime mortgage problems (Over leveraged financial position) 2. Overcommitted in credit swap (Over leveraged financial position) 3. The reduction of Wells Fargo’s debt rating two levels during January 2009 (Weak capital position) 4. Cut its dividend payment in a move to attempt to solidify its balance sheet (Diseconomies of scale) 5. Wells Fargo basically did no securities business after merger (Not diversified) 6. Too much focus on consumer/retail banking (Not diversified) 7. Weak International growth OPPORTUNITIES 1. Increasing its extensiveness through mergers and acquisitions with recently owned Wachovia or with other new bank (MA opportunities) 2. Growth and success of combined Wachovia and Wells Fargo will be one of the great financial services company (National growth) 3. Move the large national bank with an international presence forward or expansion abroad (International growth) 4. The disappearance of investment banking and the Wells Fargo’s announcement to significantly expand its security business (Product service diversification) 5. The use of internet banking and e-commerce (Online growth) Threats 1. Rising interest rates in US. 2. Basel II and compliance costs. 3. Consolidation in banking industry. 4. Competitive Matrix Profile. 5. Consolidation in the US banking industry. 6. Regulation on contingent commission. 7. Rising incident of online scam. 8. Meltdown in US Asset backed Securities market. How to cite Well Fargo, Papers

There is much to be said about individualism Essay Example For Students

There is much to be said about individualism Essay There is much to be said about individualism. Feelings of freedom and endless possibilities for individual growth are presented throughout these two novels. Although being an individual has its high points, it is not always the road to take. Billy Budd and Ignatius Reilly were both prime examples of individuals. They both showed individualism in their looks and their actions. Individualism ultimately killed or ran off each of these characters. Billy Budd has remarkable looks. He is known as the Handsome Sailor. He is tall with dark skin and rippling muscles. People admired him for his actions as well as his looks. He was the peacemaker on the ship. He was the individual everyone looked up and turned to. When Billy was going to be taken from his ship Captain Graveling was not happy about it, Lieutenant, you are going to take away my best man from me, the jewel of em Melville 46. Billy was then removed from the ship. His goodbye was thought of as rather odd though. He left the Rights-of-Man waving a genial goodbye. Melville 49 Many would be devastated if they were forced to serve their country but Billy looked at it as an opportunity to gain new experiences Ellis, He rather liked this adventurous turn in affairs, which promised an opening into novel scenes and martial excitements Melville 49. A final way he shows individualism is when the chaplain approached him at the end of the story trying to explain to him how to gain salvation before his death, but Billy stayed true to his beliefs about God Wood,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦one whom though on the confines of death he felt he could never convert to a dogma; nor for all that did he fear for his future Melville 121. An individual sets out to do what they want to do. Here Billy Budd does not conform to the beliefs of others and sticks to what he believes right up to his death. Billy Budd shows the positive side of individualism. On the opposite side of that, Ignatius showed the negative side. Ignatius J. Reilly showed his individualism with his bad looks and his rude personality. He was very obese with black stringy hair and full-pursed lips, which protruded beneath the bushy black moustache. Toole13 The nature in which Ignatius dressed was rather unappealing to the general publics eye, Ignatius sent waves of flesh rippling beneath the tweed flannel, waves that broke upon buttons and seams Melville 13-14. These words put a picture in the readers mind and helps proves a point that Ignatius doesnt care how he looks, where most people do. A big way that Ignatius individualism shines through is how he lives his life. Ignatius, a 30-year-old man still living at home with his mother, does not have a job. He does not find this to be out of the norm. His mother and he have heated arguments of when he will go out and get a job, Ignatius a big man like you  cant pedal around on no bike delivering newspapers. Perhaps you could drive meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Listen, boy, you gonna go try somewheres tomorrow. I mean it Toole 73. When Ignatius does find a job he does not conform to what the rules are of the job. Wood He takes it upon himself to go above his superior and do his job the way he wants to, Ignatius went to the filling cabinets, picked up the accumulated and unfilled material, and threw it in the wastebasket Toole 125. To most, this would seem strange, but not to Ignatius. He likes to do things his way and not bow down to others rules. .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 , .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 .postImageUrl , .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 , .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8:hover , .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8:visited , .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8:active { border:0!important; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8:active , .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8 .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0cee8da0bae852f8a6ab1ce80b99b9d8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Yesenia Rodriguez EssayBeing an individual has it good points and its bad. Billy Budd brought out all the high aspects of it by being a leader and peacemaker to all of his shipmates. Even though in the end he was punished for standing up for what he believes, in his individualism will not be forgotten by his crew. Ignatius, on the other hand, showed the low side of being an individual. His lifestyle did affect many people but in a negative instead of a positive way. Ignatius will be remembered as a bull-headed fat man who did not amount to anything, and Billy Budd will be remembered as the Handsome Sailor who made peoples lives a little easier. The authors try and include different ways of doing things in each of the stories. By making each of the characters an individual they can show how society works against those who choose to be different.

Michael Jordan Essays - McDonalds High School All-Americans

Michael Jordan Michael Jordan was born on January 17, 1963 in Brooklyn, New York and was raised in Wilmington, North Carolina. He has two brothers, is married, and has three kids. He is considered by many to be the greatest basketball player of all time (Kornbluth). My focus will be on his hardships, accomplishments, and people who influenced him. First, I would like to touch on some general information about Michael. He wears number 23 on his jersey because he considered it to be half of his brother's number, 45. He had wanted 45 because it was his brother's number and he deeply admired his brother, but he was on the same team as his brother so he needed to pick a different number. His most well known superstition is that he wears his University of North Carolina basketball shorts under his game shorts. When Michael was a kid, his favorite sport was not basketball. In fact, it was baseball. He was a pitcher on a little league team. He played baseball because he was short (Kornbluth). Later in his life, he would try to leave the NBA and play major league baseball. Michael was not always rich. His parents had to work two and three jobs each to support the family. Before Michael's dad built him a basketball court in his back yard Michael shot, basketballs into a trash can (Kornbluth). Michael was not always good at basketball, either. People told Michael that he was too short to play basketball. Michael now stands six feet six inches tall. He also went to the school gym before school to shoot baskets, stayed after school to shoot baskets, and could be found in the school gym on weekends shooting baskets. He also played his brother, Larry, one-on-one in basketball. His brother was only a year older than Michael was, but he was much better and taller than Michael was. Michael would often times lose and end up getting in a fight with his brother. This caused Michael to be extremely determined to succeed at basketball (Kornbluth). In his sophomore year of high school, he tried out for the Varsity team. He did not make it, so he was placed on the Junior Varsity team. On the J.V. team, he averaged 28 points per game. He thought this would get the attention of the Varsity team coach. It did. However, it was not in the way he hoped it would. The assistant coach for the Varsity team was sick so they needed someone to hand out towels to the players while on a playoff road trip. That is what Michael got to do (Kornbluth). When he finally got on the Varsity team in his junior year, he still worked hard. He practiced with both the Varsity and the Junior Varsity teams and continued to go to the school gym and work on his shooting (Kornbluth). Michael's hard work would attract many scouts from colleges (Kornbluth). He would go to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. In college, he was a very good player. In his junior year, the Tar Heels went to the NCAA Championship game where he would hit a clutch game winning buzzer beater to win the NCAA Championship. In 1984, Michael played for the United States Olympic basketball team. Michael was among the best college players in the country and helped the team win the gold medal. Michael was also part of the 1992 United States Olympic basketball team. The team was composed of the best NBA players and was nicknamed "The Dream Team." This Olympic team also won the gold medal (www.unc.edu/~lbrooks2/jordan.html). Michael was drafted after his junior year in college and would be the third pick in the first round of the 1984 NBA Draft. He went to the Chicago Bulls, who at that time were a struggling team. With Michael on their team, they started to win. Michael was the NBA's rookie of the year in 1985. He would also be a NBA all-star in his rookie year and a NBA all-star game starter in 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1996. In 1988 Michael would win the first of four league MVP honors, the others being 1991, 1992, and 1996. He was

Comp Research Paper

Comp Research Paper Comp Research Paper Paige Wilsher Dr. Sally Emmons Comp 1113 19 November, 2013 The Fiery Future â€Å"When it comes to the future, there are three kinds of people: those who let it happen, those who make it happen, and those who wonder what happened.† − John M. Richardson, Jr. This quote is something one can see throughout Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451. There are multiple characters that fit these descriptions but three main characters that fit it perfectly. Beatty the fire house captain lets it happen, Montag makes it happen, and Mildred wonders what happened. It is really sad to think that some people just leave their future to chance rather than making a future that is better and leaving a path for future generations. Without a past one cannot hope for a future, the past allows one to learn and grow and make a future that is livable. If one does not learn from the past the same mistakes are likely to be made in the future, leading down a path of possible destruction. The twenty-first century is supposed to be the greatest century ever; however like the novel Fahrenheit 451 people are sacrificing knowledge and intellectual thought for an easier, simpler, thoughtless lifestyle. Alliteracy and Illiteracy is something that is passed down through generations, inevitably sacrificing the knowledge to be able to read for an entire family. Fifty-nine percent of people from a survey done by NDP group in 1991 stated that they read less than ten books the previous year (Weeks 522). America has prided itself on being a literate first world country, whereas, it has been building an environment where reading is not required. With the technology in the world today children and teens spend most of their time playing video games, watching TV, or using social networking sites rather than reading a book. Then the parents allow the children to watch movies or play the video game before bed instead of reading them a story. There was a time when writers were celebrated for their works, but now people chose to celebrate actors, singers, and athletes instead. Acting, singing, and athletics are also very important to society but they are no cause to push out writing and reading. Weeks explains a lecture given by Kylene Beers. This lecture explains the two types of reading, efferent which is purposeful reading, and aesthetic which is for the joy of it. In order to be a good reader Beers believes people have to be able to visualize the text they are reading (Weeks 525). One of the reasons there are books and movies is to allow the audience to escape to a world that is unlike this, travel back in time, and to be the hero of the story. The only difference between movies and books is that books allow the person to feel as if they are one of the characters in the story, and that is something movies are unable to portray. If one spends all of their time skimming through books during school and then never even looking at it outside of school, then they are less likely to read to their children or teach their children how to read, sacrificing that knowledge not only for themselves but for their children. When most people think of an illiterate person they do not believe their illiteracy can cause them to suffer both mentally and physically. One thing nobody can deny is that the number of illiterate citizens in the America is on the rise. Illiterates are often lost in this nation of fast paced economics and rapidly changing technology. Illiterates are unable to do some of what seems to be the most simplistic of tasks to a literate person. For example most illiterates are unable to read newspaper article, words on the TV, voting ballots, menus in a restaurant, or their child’s report card. Those kinds of things can upset the individual emotionally but they do not cause any real suffering. The biggest concern when it comes to illiterates is when they are unable to read prescription instructions or warning labels, this can cause some serious harm to them if they overdose or ingest

How do you account for the global decline in trade union membership in Essay

How do you account for the global decline in trade union membership in the past 25 years . Critically assess whether this is a trend to be welcomed or deplored - Essay Example They face problems of retaining quality members. It has been found that there is substantial erosion not only in the membership but also in the bargaining power of the unions. For developing close understanding with the recent trends in the fall of the trade union membership, it has been intended to enlighten the present scenarios of two countries- United Kingdom (UK) and Australia. It has been found that the trade union membership has been reduced over the previous two decades in the UK. According to the statistics of 1979, there were 13.3 million people under the membership of trade unions which refers to 55% of the overall employees. Decline in the trade union membership during the period of 1995 to 2006 can be exhibited through a diagram. Several reasons are there for the decline in the memberships. Firstly, the drastic reduction in the number of jobs mainly in the manufacturing industries that acquire traditionally higher amount of union membership can be blamed. Secondly, increasing level of unemployment is also held responsible for the decline. Recent trends say that traditional full time employment has been reduced whereas an increase in the part time workers has been noticed which is not beneficial to the increase in trade union membership. In small organisations, it is difficult to form trade unions and a sharp amplification in the proportion of employed workforce has been observed. Hostile legislation can be considered as another reason of decline in the UK (TUC, 2010). Across Australia, a sharp decline in the trade union memberships has been noticed. The declination is a result of significant transformation in the ‘industrial relations environment’. Data reveals that 46% of the entire employee force in the year of 1986 belonged to the trade unions. Opening up of individual and collective bargaining and gaining prominence of decentralised bargaining, has reduced the importance of the unions in the

Assignment 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Assignment 3 - Essay Example This article explains a very important skill which is needed in emergency treatments until another definitive airway is not established. The objectives of this article is to explain the functions of this mask briefly highlighting the important aspects in order to help an emergency medical technician to be able to use this skill. Important factors are discussed such as difficulty in BVM ventilation due to facial hair, lack of teeth, ages above 55 years, snoring history, and a BMI greater than 26. This article also explains the types and sizes of masks that are available. The most important objective of this article is to present a simple outline of the technique through which the mask can be used. This talks about the steps that have to be followed in order to successfully oxygenate and ventilate emergency patients. The competency in using this skill is through following the steps carefully and learning the important points which are mentioned in the article. The use of correct equipment which is an oxygen connector tubing, oxygen source, suction, NPA, and OPA; the patient must be positioned with towels under his head until his ear reaches the sterna notch; and then the technician must carry out the complete technique as mentioned. Competency will be achieved if the goals and objectives mentioned in the article are

How Investment Opportunities Affect Cash Holdings

How Investment Opportunities Affect Cash Holdings Introduction In recent years the interest of financial researches raised to firms cash policy, cash positions; if more accurate they are paying more attention why do firms hold so much cash. These issues have a long history and are the basis of corporate finance.  Indeed, from the day to day operations to finance long-term investments, own funds are just the most important source of funding. In particular, observers have recently serious doubts about the validity of so much cash.  This problem has led to important research aimed at clarifying the multifaceted aspects of monetary policy firms.  Although the rapid development of significantly enriched our understanding of the factors that stocks of companies the funds, the literature has paid little attention in the form of cash policys real impact on the daily activities of firms. In the 2007-2008 credit crunch business leaders and the media have made the phrase cash is sovereign back in vogue.  Although the firms internal cash flows decline, the stock markets collapsed and the credit markets nearly frozen, the lack of money has become a reality for many firms.  For example, General Motors (GM), based in the U.S. automaker, announced on 7 November 2008 that he could escape from the liquidity, despite the ongoing restructuring process. GM eventually reorganized through bankruptcy, but their fate was to demonstrate the importance of cash holdings.  Although the reduction of cash flows, as a rule, inevitable in many industries during the economic downturn, the symptoms can be removed by a sufficient amount of cash as a buffer to the crisis.  Nevertheless, for several reasons shareholders do not always want to see the firm to save money and sit on it.  The shareholders outlook on firms cash holdings and the cost they place on it will be examined in this research. The determinants and consequences of corporate cash holdings have attracted enlarged interest of scientists over the past ten years.  One key issue was that the relationship between cash and the value of the company.  Broadly speaking, two main factors in the equation of the advantages of liquidity of the company and the agency cost of managerial discretion.  Both these arguments have their supporters. For example, Myers and Majluf (1984) argue that costly external financing means that firms must maintain a sufficient cash reserve, which provides liquidity to take advantage of new projects a positive NPV.  However, according to Jensen (1986) the agency costs of managerial consolidation means that large amounts of cash should be paid to shareholders to keep managers overinvesting negative NPV projects.  Apparently, there is no single truth, which will apply to all companies at once, as the needs of both the firm and its managers are not uniform. Understanding the value of cash is of interest not only for researchers and scientists, but even more so for practitioners.  Equity analysts, financiers and corporate chief financial officers must all be very interesting to know which factors affect the cost of cash holdings in the company and why. Most equity analysts simply add cash to the top of the value of the company, without giving attention from what could be the reason why money should not be evaluated at face value. However, researches show, markets, monetary values in different firms in different ways, and, consequently, analysts may be too especially if the company has a large amount of liquid assets.  For corporate financiers situation is somewhat different, because they often give the conclusion that the value of the target firm is the acquirer, thereby eliminating the influence of the prevailing corporate governance and financial policies.  Nevertheless, it can be valuable to understand the value of cash when as sessing the market value of the firm.  Finally, the financial department of a firm must know why their cash cannot be appreciated at face value, and that they could do if they want.  This allows us not only to understand the preferences of shareholders, but perhaps an opportunity to meet them. Problem Statement In this research I want to find answers to the questions like: What is the reason of holding so much cash than needed? What kind of effects it could cause? How the financing constraints and investment opportunities together affect the value the shareholders place on cash? How firms investment opportunities affect the marginal value of firms cash holdings? How firms the state of external capital markets affect the marginal value of firms cash holdings? 1.3 Research objectives The aim of this work is the approach to the cost of cash holdings of firms in two directions. First, subsequent to Faulkender and Wang (2006), who studied the cross-section changes in the marginal value of corporate cash, which arises from differences in corporate financial policy. Secondly, inspired by the credit crunch of 2007-2008, I examine how changes in the external capital markets affect the cost of money over time.  As far as I know there have not been previous studies on the time changes in the value of cash.  There are several reasons why the loan should affect any results related to the companys cash holdings.  First, Almeida et al.(2004) show that financially constrained firms maintain a significantly higher proportion of their cash flow, the following adverse macroeconomic shocks than before.  This means that the relationship between the preserve cash flow and earnings of the company is dynamic and may change over time.  Second, the importance of cash is emphasized in a recession.  When a loan is becoming more rationed, the company in which a lot of cash does not need to worry about the inability to finance daily operations.  Intuitively, firms with more cash are less likely to be downgraded credit rating and are able to maintain acce ss to capital markets.  In addition, these companies can take advantage of the plight of the weaker firms, which may be less liquid assets, through active competitive actions and acquisitions.  Thus, it seems appropriate to us a treasure load of cash in good times to be able to strike when the economy turns.  Finally, as credit becomes more and more rationed, it also becomes more expensive.  This is especially true for financially constrained firms. I use a sample of around 1000 Malaysian firms for the last decade from 1999 to 2009 to test the hypothesis in Faulkender and Wang (2006), impact of investment opportunities on the value of cash, and the change in value of cash over the economic cycle. The usable observations begin from 1999 because for most of the variables I require a change throughout a fiscal year. The extraordinary state in the financial markets during 2007-2008 allows me to study how it may have impacted the value of cash. The following terms interchangeably I use in this thesis. First, in a few ways, mainly as cash holdings, cash reserves, or simply cash I refer to firms cash holdings. Nevertheless, cash level is used to refer to cash ratio (cash to net assets). Second, I use the value of cash, the marginal value of cash, value of additional cash, value of an extra dollar of cash, and the value the shareholders place on cash while referring to the value of firms cash holdings. Third, since most of the previous studies have been done with U.S. data, I discuss the value of a dollar in the introduction. However, my data are from Malaysia, and therefore in the empirical part I am examining the value of a ringgit. I review the related literature in the next section. Section 3 develops theoretical framework of the study, the main hypothesis, illustrates the methods and details the sample selection. LITERATURE REVIEW The literature on market value of cash can be divided into research focus on the benefits of liquidity, or agency costs.  The former approaches through the studies of financial policy and corporate decision making of companies, whereas the latter evaluates the degree of agency conflicts on the basis of corporate governance factors.  Despite the general division between the two issues, both are at least implicitly always present during the tests and conclusions. Although much effort has recently been devoted to studying the determinants of cash policy of firms, data on the impact of reserves firms cash remains relatively small.  However, there are a few notable exceptions.  Blanchard, Lopez-de-Silanes and Shleifer (1994), who studied a small sample of companies that received cash windfalls from lawsuits, and Harford (1999), studied the acquisition of the company with unusual cash, the document that managers with weaker incentives to maximize  value, tend to spend large amounts of cash is inefficient. Opler, Pinkowitz, Stulz and Williamson (1999) argue that corporate cash can be attributed to a compromise, the theory of financial hierarchy and agency theory.  Kim, Mauer and Sherman (1998) develop a model of compromise and argue that the optimal amount of corporate cash holdings is determined by the tradeoff between lower income and benefits to minimize the need for costly external financing.  Almeida, Campello and Weisbach (2004) believe that corporate cash holdings affected by financial difficulties.  Pinkowitz and Williamson (2001) believe that the bank authorities can affect the cash holdings of Japanese firms.  Faulkender and Wang (2006) consider changes in the marginal value of corporate cash holdings related to differences in corporate financial policy.  Foley, Hartzell, Titman and Twite (2006) offer tax-based explanations of corporate cash. Most of the literature to evaluate the relationship between financial policy and the exact market value cash holding focused on companies in the United States of America (USA) Pinkowitz and Williamson (2004), Faulkender and Wang (2006), and Denis and Sibilkov (2007) all  study how the financial characteristics of the company, and the cost of cash to play together. Pinkowitz and Williamson (2004) show that the average market value of the dollar held by a firm at roughly $ 1.20, which indicates that shareholders believe that the benefits outweigh the potential liquidity problems of the agency associated with it.  Faulkender and Wang (2006), using different methodologies to find the market value of the dollar at $ 0.94 on average.  Their results suggest that the potential costs of institutions, as well as tax effects outweigh the benefits to the average firm.  Denis Sibilkov (2007) focus on the financial difficulties of the company and the investment opportunities and find consi stent results.  Nevertheless, there is significant cross-section changes in the market value of money, thus focusing on the mean values shows only a little about the relationship between fiscal policy and the value of cash. The other branch of value of cash literature focuses on the effect of corporate governance.  For example, Dittmar and Mahrt-Smith (2007) use U.S. data show that the additional $ 1 cash for badly managed companies worth between $ 0.42 to $ 0.88, while good governance doubles the value.  Pinkowitz et al.  (2006) used a cross-border data and found that an additional $ 1 is associated with an increase in company value of $ 0.29 to $ 0.33, depending on the criteria of corporate governance in countries with weak protection of shareholders, while an additional $ 1 in cash  associated with an increase of $ 0.91 to $ 0.95 in the value of the company in countries with good shareholder protection.  In addition, Kalcheva and Lins (2003) found that a minority of investors who are not very well protected by applicable discounts for firms in high levels of cash.  This is consistent with the findings Fresard and Salva (2009), which show that the value of $ 1 of excess cash of typical non -US companies is U.S. $ 0,58, while it is $ 1.61 for the firms listed in the U.S. through exchanges means that  investors discount the value of corporate cash reserves when they are at high risk of turning into private profit. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Theoretical Framework Here I will talk about the early literature related to the value of cash holdings of the company, as well as provide relevant theory.  I begin with outlining the background to understand why firms hold cash. It is necessary to identify with why firms hold cash in order to understand how the shareholders determine the importance they attach to the cash.  Then I will present before the relevant studies and conclusions contained in the value of the cash literature. 3.1.1 Cash holding motives If all firms operating in the world of perfect capital markets, cash holdings will have no value.  If the firm was in need of cash for operations or investments, it can raise funds at zero cost. While there is no liquidity premium in such a world, holdings of liquid assets have no possibility of cost.  Consequently, if a company borrows money and invests it in liquid assets, shareholder wealth is unchanged. Nevertheless, in the real world markets are not perfect and the holding of liquid assets has its costs.  Thus, a firm must strike a balance between the marginal cost of holding liquid assets and the marginal benefit of holding these assets. Here, I present five theories of why firms hold cash and which have been shown in earlier literature. 3.1.1.1 The transaction motive Transactions motive for holding cash is due to the cost of converting money substitutes into cash.  According to Keynes (1936), a company can save on transaction costs by using cash to make payments without liquidation of assets.  Miller and Orr (1966) model the demand for cash to finance daily operations, and the required level of cash.  The company short of liquid assets has to raise funds in capital markets, liquidate existing assets, reduce dividends and investment, the revision of existing financial contracts, or use a combination of these actions.  Since there are both fixed and variable costs in increasing cash, the company must hold a buffer of cash to avoid raising cash often, and thus to avoid the associated fixed transaction costs. Myers and Majluf (1984) argue that the increase in external financing is more costly than using internal resources in the presence of asymmetric information.  Since outsiders know less than the management, they may discount the price of securities more than management was willing to accept.  Thus, the management may find it more profitable not to sell securities, and even reduce the investment.  For this reason, it may be optimal for companies that conduct a certain level of cash to meet the needs of investment spending. 3.1.1.2 The agency motive Jensen (1986) argues that entrenched managers have incentives to retain cash rather than an increase in payments to shareholders, even if the firm has limited opportunities for investment.  Opler et al.  (1999) tender reasons why managers can use the optimal cash policies.  First, managers can accumulate funds to pursue their personal interests.  Cash allows managers to invest in external capital markets would not be willing to finance.  They usually spend one dollar in cash in hand, even if they cannot raise financing from the markets.  Consequently, they could make investments that may have a negative impact on the value of the company.  Jensens (1986) free cash flow problem predicts that managers with surplus cash are probably to overinvest.  Thus, a one dollar increase in cash holdings of firms can lead to significantly less than one dollar increase in the value of the company.  As the outsiders do not know, whether managers are accumulating cash to increase the value of the company or pursue their own goals, the cost of external capital is likely to increase. 3.1.1.3 The tax motive In recent studies by Foley et al. (2007) shows that U.S. companies which will bear the tax consequences associated with the repatriation of foreign earnings hold a high level of cash. Affiliates referring to the highest tax consequences of repatriating also have the highest level of cash.  This means that multinational companies are more likely to accumulate cash.  The extent this applies to the Malaysian firms has yet be studied. 3.1.1.4 The theory financing hierarchy The theory of financing hierarchy implies that there is no optimal amount of cash, based on arguments similar to the hierarchy theory of capital structure (Opler et al. (1999)).  According to theory, firms are not willing to issue shares, because it is too expensive because of the asymmetry of information.  They sell the debt when they do not have sufficient resources, and when they can do so.  When they have sufficient resources to invest in profitable opportunities available, they pay the debt which becomes due, and to accumulate more cash or else.  The theory assumes that the cash holdings of firms are less strategic choice but more a result of a dynamic, endogenous process. 3.1.1.5 Investment opportunities and the value of cash Pinkowitz and Williamson (2004) were the first who studied the market value of cash holdings.  They focus on firms investment and financing opportunities.  They find that the growth of the company have the possibility of a positive attitude to the market value of money.  Firms with greater investment opportunities have a higher cost of cash.  They also show that firms with higher uncertainty of investment have a higher valuation.  In addition, firms in a difficult financial situation have lower valuation on cost. Faulkender and Wang (2006) confirm this conclusion, as they show that firms with lower leverage, a proxy for financial distress, have higher value put on cash.  Finally, Pinkowitz and Williamson (2004) argue that access to capital markets does not affect the market value of cash.  However, they note that their proxy for access to capital markets, company size may not be perfect. Consequently, Faulkender and Wang (2006) show that the difficulties in obtaining ac cess to capital markets play an important role in the market value of cash.  Liu and Chang (2009) show similar proof on the impact of financial constraints on the market value of cash.  Faulkender and Wang (2006) also show that the marginal cost of cash reduces with the amount of cash holdings.  They argue that this is associated with an increase in the probability distribution of cash to shareholders, and consequently incurring transaction costs and taxation, to reduce the cost of cash. Hypothesis After I studied the theory of the value of cash holdings, I turn to the empirical predictions.  I present hypotheses for the impact of financial policy and investment opportunities on the value of cash.  These hypotheses relate to previous work in the field of corporate finance and the value for cash. Hypothesis 1: The marginal value of cash is decreasing in the level of the firms cash position After Faulkender and Wang (2006), I initially hypothesize that the marginal value of the shareholders place on cash holdings of the company reduces as the level of cash holdings increases.  The reasons are based on agency and tax considerations.  As firms cash level rises it becomes more likely to distribute the cash to shareholders who then as a result incur a dividend tax.  In addition, the company with high cash holdings becomes more vulnerable to face agency costs as shareholders begin to worry about the interest and ability of managers to invest in positive NPV projects.  Thus, the marginal cost of cash should reduce as the cash level of the company increases. Hypothesis 2: An extra ringgit of cash holdings is less valuable for shareholders in highly levered firms than in firms with low leverage. The second hypothesis from Faulkender and Wang (2006), which I test in my Malaysian sample, is the negative relation marginal cost of cash and firms leverage.  The cost of cash for shareholders in high levered firms is likely to be less than in firms with low leverage as contingent claims analysis predicts that most of the value of these firms is in the hands of debt holders. Additional ringgit is likely to go mostly to increase the value of debt and therefore, the value for shareholders is low. Hypothesis 3: An extra ringgit of cash holdings is more valuable for shareholders in financially constrained firms. The last hypothesis which follows Faulkender and Wang (2006) is that the simplicity of accessing to external capital markets should have an impact on the value of cash.  Access may be limited for various reasons, but often associated with asymmetric information about the state of the company, which may occur for smaller firms, firms without any credit rating or equity research coverage and the firms that do not pay dividends.  These firms can be considered as financially constrained and can be thought of having higher costs in raising external funds.  Thus, with its own funds, i.e. cash in hand, should be more valuable to these firms than financially unconstrained firms, which are likely and able to obtain external financing. Hypothesis 4: An extra ringgit of cash holdings is more valuable for firms with good investment opportunities. I examine whether firms with better investment opportunities have a higher valuation on their cash holdings than firms with weaker growth potential by following Pinkowitz and Williamson (2004).  Pinkowitz and Williamson argue that the main theoretical determinant of the value of cash holding should be the investment opportunity set of the firm.  First, liquidity is important, because without liquid assets of the firm will be forced to abandon a positive NPV project (Myers and Majluf (1984)).  This should increase the cost of cash as it is expected to increase in value of assets.  Secondly, Jensens (1986) free cash flow problem arises when the firm has a few good opportunities for investment.  If a company with sufficient cash reserves has positive NPV investment opportunities, it is likely to use these advantages instead of wasting money on unproductive ventures.  Intuition is that when two identical firms except that one has a positive NPV investment opportunities and th e other one does not have the opportunity to invest, it is likely that the first firm will spend its cash in ways more valuable to the shareholders. Hypothesis 5: The marginal value of cash is high for financially constrained firms with good investment opportunities. One of the arguments in Faulkender and Wang (2006) having a higher marginal value of cash for financially constrained firms is that when firms have positive NPV investment opportunities. The higher the cost of raising external capital is, the more likely these opportunities are foregone. Though, they do not test for it empirically. I hypothesize that the reason why financially constrained firms and firms with better investment opportunities have a higher value placed on cash when examined separately, is in fact due to the combined effect of these two criteria.  A financially constrained firm without investment opportunities is unable to make return for the cash, while a financially unconstrained firm with good investment opportunities can simply increase external funding when it needs to. Thus, financially constrained firms with good investment opportunities should have a high value placed on their cash holdings by their shareholders compared with other firms. Hypothesis 6: Firms cash holdings, on average, decrease when the cost of external capital increases. When conditions in the corporate credit market deteriorate, it often leads to a reduction in the economy (Fisher (1933)).  As firms generate less internal cash flows and at the same time, corporate credit becomes more expensive and rationed, cash reserves of firms, on average, should decline.  It was also suggested by Opler et al (1999). Hypothesis 7: When the cost of external capital is higher an extra ringgit of cash holdings is more valuable. As the supply of credit becomes more rationed and therefore more expensive, the cost of raising capital increases.  The increase in the cost of capital makes firms more likely to give up positive NPV projects due to lack of funding.  Therefore, when a credit is more rationed, cash holdings should become more valuable because they can help companies take advantage of positive NPV investment opportunities without incurring high costs of raising external capital. Methods I follow Faulkender and Wang (2006) who developed a methodology which estimates the extra value the market incorporates into equity values that result from changes in the cash position of firms over the fiscal year to measure the impact of corporate financial policy on the value of cash holdings. Since stock returns are influenced by the common risk factors, as well as changes in firm-specific characteristics it is necessary to control for both to be able to estimate the magnitude change attributed to the change in cash. The change in the value of a firm is measured by the excess return for the firm i during fiscal year t less the return of stock is benchmark portfolio during fiscal year t. Then the excess returns are regressed on changes in the characteristics of the firm.  In this case the main interest is in the estimated coefficient corresponding to the variable measuring the ratio of unexpected changes in cash of the firms lagged equity value.  Since the dependent and indepe ndent variables are standardized by lagged market value of equity, the coefficient measures the dollar change in shareholder value resulting from a change of one dollar of cash held by the firm. Faulkender and Wang (2006) methodology is in effect a long-term event study, in which event is unexpected changes in cash holdings, controlled for other factors that may impact returns over the assessment window of one year. 3.3.1 Controlling for risk-related market-wide factors To control for risk-related factors excess returns are examined that may impact a firms discount rate and return. Fama and French (1993) show that size and the book-to-market of equity clarifies ordinary variation in stock returns. To arrive at the estimate of the excess return I use the 25 Fama-French portfolios (Fama and French (1993)) formed on size, measured as market capitalization, and book-to-market value of equity ratio (BE/ME henceforth) as my benchmark portfolios. First firms are sorted by size and divided in five size groups, and then firms are sorted by BE/ME ratios and divided in five BE/ME quintiles for each year. Then I group every firm into one of BE/ME portfolios and 25 size based on the intersection between the BE/ME and size independent sorts. Firms excess return is calculated by subtracting the firm is benchmark portfolio return during fiscal year t from the firm is stock return during fiscal year t. The fiscal year, or yearly, returns are calculated using the monthly returns. Hence, the dependent variable for the baseline regression is (1) where ri,t is the stock return for firm i during fiscal year t and is stock is benchmark portfolios return during the corresponding fiscal year t. 3.3.2 Controlling for firm-specific factors It is necessary to control for variables that could be correlated with both change and returns in cash holdings to be able to examine how much the change in cash holdings impacts the change in equity value. Hence, in addition to change in cash should be regressed the excess stock return over the fiscal year on changes in a firms profitability, investment policy, and financing policy. The subsequent equation describes baseline regression: = (2) where the ΔX term indicates unforeseen change in variable X. The dependent variable is described above. The independent variables are firm-specific factors that control for sources of value other than cash or may be correlated with cash holdings. The dependent variable was described above.  Independent variables are firm-specific factors that control the sources of value, except for cash and can be correlated with cash holdings. ΔCi,t is the unforeseen change throughout fiscal year t in firm is cash holdings in balance sheet and the most significant variable in the regression. I suppose that the unforeseen change in cash holdings equals to the realized change in cash holdings throughout the fiscal year. ΔEi,t is the change throughout fiscal year t in earnings before interest and extraordinary items, and controls for profitability of firm. Firms investment changes policy are controlled by ΔNAi,t, the change throughout fiscal year t in total assets net of cash, and ΔRDi,t, the change throughout fiscal year t in RD expenditure. The financing policy is controlled by ΔIi,t which is the change throughout fiscal year t in interest expense, ΔDi,t which is the change during fiscal year t in sum dividends, Ci,t-1 which is firm is lagged cash holdings at time t-1, Li,t which is market leverage at the of fiscal year t, and finally NFi,t which is the firms net financing throughout the fiscal year t. As the stock return is also by definition divided by Mi,t-1, the standardization allows for understanding the estimated coefficients as the dollar change in value for a one-dollar change in the relevant independent variable. Sample Selection For my empirical analysis of the marginal value of cash in Malaysia and how it may have changed over time with the availability of capital from the external market I use a sample of publicly listed Malaysian firms from 1999 to 2009. The sample includes both active and inactive firms to avoid a survivorship bias. In this section I describe how I calculate the variables and from where I obtain the data. Here I will first describe how the dependent variable is calculated, and then describe the independent variables in detail. 3.4.1 Dependent variable The dependent variable is the excess return of a firms stock (Eq. (1)). The stock return for a firm i through fiscal year t, ri,t, is calculated using Total Return Index (item ReturnIndex) from Thomson Reuters Datastream database (referred as Datastream after this). The index regulates for stock splits and dividends, and therefore the most accurate measure of increase in firm equity value. 3.4.2 Independent variables The change is basically the difference between fiscal years t and t-1. In addition, all variables excluding for leverage and net financing are deflated by one-year holdup market value of equity. The variables used in Eq. (2) are measured as below: a) Ci,t and Ci,t-1 One-year holdup cash holdings and cash holdings are measured as cash and short-term investments (CashAndSTInvestments). Ever since this is the most important variable, it should be noted that firms cash holdings are considered to include marketable securities and cash in majority of academic studies. Depending on the source, these can be listed as cash and equivalent, cash and short-term investments or marketable securities and cash. Though, in addition to cash the definition can include items such as commercial papers, treasury bills and other money market investments. In general databases adjust the reported records from firm financial statements in order to make the data comparable across the firms. b) Ei,t Earnings before interest and extraordinary items are calculated as earnings before extraordinary items (IncomeBefExtraItemsCFStmt) plus interest expenses (InterestExpenseOnDebt). c) NAi,t Total assets net of cash or net assets, are calculated as total assets (TotalAssets) minus cash holdings (CashAndSTInvestments). d) RDi,t RD expenditure is simply RD expenditure (ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense). It is set to zero if missing. e) Ii,t Interest expense is measured as interest expenses on debt (InterestExpenseOnDebt). f) Di,t Total dividends are measured as common dividends paid (CommonDividendsCash). g) Li,t Ma

Preferred Learning Style Essay

Preferred Learning Style: Multimodal Grand Canyon University NRS-429V August 22, 2013 Today more adults are returning to school for continuing education. It can be very difficult to juggle a full time job, school work, and still find time to spend with the family. Time management is of the utmost importance in order to be successful in furthering education. A student knowing his or her learning style could be an important first step in being successful. Learning style is the way a person absorbs and processes information to be used at a later time. For a student, knowing his or her learning style will enable them to make the changes needed to improve their study habits. Neil Fleming, an educator, launched VARK in 1987. It is a questionnaire used to assess learning styles. The questionnaire is free for use in schools and universities. VARK is an acronym for Visual, Aural, Read/Write and Kinesthetic. Fleming states that it is not a learning style questionnaire, it provides feedback only on one’s preferred modes of communicating. (. There are critics of learning s tyles. This could be because it is difficult to measure learning. These critics say that knowing your learning style does not improve your way of learning and it is hard to dispute because there is no evidence to support this . However this learner feels that knowing her learning style will better enable her to adjust to the many demands of continuing education. Although there are four categories of learning preferences, there is also a multimodal learning preference. This preference integrates more than one preference of learning. Approximately 60% of any population fits into the category of multimodal learning preference (. This learner is a multimodal learner. Learners with multimodal preferences may adapt their mode of learning to the situation at hand. For example, if this learner is present in a class and the instructor is lecturing without any visual aids to assist in learning, then she may use the read/write learning style. She make take extensive notes in class then go back and read all of the notes later. One down side to this method of learning can be the time restraint. If there is a lot of material to cover over a short period of time, then this method may not be best. According to the questionnaire, this learner is multimodal, with read/write and aural as the stronger learning preferences. On this point she disagrees with the questionnaire, as she feels she is more visual than aural. She scored lower in kinesthetic but feels at times she is definitely a kinesthetic learner. It takes her back to her days in the military when the motto was â€Å"see one, do one, teach one.† This fits her especially when learning a new task, as she is very hands on. It goes along with the kinesthetic learner needing to do things in order to understand them. The questionnaire states that visual learner use pictures, posters, books with diagrams, graphs, and flow charts. They may also use different highlighters to emphasize different points. This learner does like the idea of pictures, slides, and flow charts but feels that graphs may be difficult to understand sometimes because the amount of information can be overwhelming at times. The multimodal learner can be placed in two categories. One category is the context specific learner. This type of learner chooses the mode that best fi ts the need at that specific time. Their scores on the VARK questionnaire are usually between 13 and 26. This learner tends to fall into this category now. The other category is the whole sense approach. This type of learner uses a number of their modes of learning in combination and their scores on the VARK questionnaire are usually above 30. One disadvantage of this may be that the learner may not fully understand new material. Initially when this learner first returned to school for her Associates Degree in Nursing, she was this type of learner. It did not take long for her to adjust her study habits and find a learning style that was better for her. For the online courses of this nursing program, this learner has used more of the read/write mode of learning. This has worked best for her because of the fast pace of the classes and the amount of material covered. She does use more than one mode of learning when the situation requires it, and she feels that will be the case as the school year continues. The VARK questionnaire was very interesting. This learner was surprised the learning styles could be assessed from only a few questions, but the results were fairly accurate. In this fast paced  course of study the learner feels that the results of this questionnaire and good time management will help her to be successful in this and upcoming classes. References Fleming, N. a. (2006). Learning StylesAgain: VARKing up the right tree!, Educational Developments . SEDA Ltd. Issue 7.4, 4-7. Reiner, C. &. (2010). The Myth of Learning Styles. Change. Retrieved from http://library.gcu.edu. VARK a guide to learning styles. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.vark-learn.com/english/page.asp?p=multimodal.

To What Extent Should We Trust Our Senses to Give Us the Truth

To what extent should we trust our senses to give us the truth? Most of the things we know are based on a life-long series of observations and experiments through our own senses. Without our senses, social interactions and critical thinking would be impossible, leaving us only with inexplicable emotions, a close state to nothingness. Despite its significance, however, our senses have limitations ranges from our dependency to language to our own biological limitations. Human beings are inherently provided with these inevitable limitations.We therefore, as well-educated individuals, must not completely trust our senses as it can easily be deceived. Our dependence on language distorts what our senses are truly getting. In a simple context of analyzing an art piece, for instance in the process of analyzing the nuance of the work, our interpretations of what we see tend to be bounded with the language that we know. Without the use of language, in this context, the art piece will remain ab stract in our mind. The emotions that we get from viewing the art piece, for example, can be described with adjectives.In a wider sense, language influences the way we think. I have encountered an experience where my short eyesight (I need glasses to see â€Å"normally†) gave a misleading account to an event. I was in an art convention center with my friend; the place was covered with a realistically structured fake plastic trees. It was part of the art works being exhibited. In the end of the expo I said to my friend, â€Å"Nice right! Such great pieces of art shown there! Especially the trees, how on earth can they grow it to form such structure†.My friend, whose vision is â€Å"normal†, told me that it the trees were forgeries. I wasn't using my glasses at the moment, If I was then I would've reacted differently. Biological capabilities limit what we are able to sense and perceive. There are still many factors such as spacial familiarity, past experience; our tendency to see or hear what we expect rather than what really happen; optical illusions or social and cultural conditioning that aren’t being discussed, but also a limitation of our senses.Although with the chance of getting false knowledge, what important is that we develop critical thinking skills to distinguish between good and bad reasoning. Examining our own perspectives, using our own senses perhaps, and comparing them to those of others and to see what we learn from it is what important rather than abstaining from the pursuit of knowledge due to the limitations of our senses.

Industrial Revolution 3 - 4013 Words

INDUSTRIAL STUDIES ASSIGNMENT NO 1 Development of Engineering since the Industrial Revolution The Main Outcomes of the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution had a huge impact on society. The major effects were socially and economically. It is rather difficult to date the start of the industrial revolution but history books of today suggest the onset during the 18th century. The change from agriculture to industry was vast and it must be remembered that England was the first country to undergo this profound change. The initial effect on engineering industries arising at the start of the Industrial Revolution were due partly to the geographical location of the resources i.e. coal iron and water. The†¦show more content†¦The manufacture of bicycles, aircraft, and most predominantly the motor car increased with the utilisation of all forms of electrically powered machines. There were also increases in all forms of electrical engineering from light bulbs and radios to generating plant and machinery. Natural Resources e.g. Coal Petrochemicals The British coal industry was the major contributor to the Industrial Revolution. The industry utilised the first steam powered engines of Newcommen and many more that followed. As production grew from these applications the new railways were used to transport the vast amounts of coal being produced. In 1830 steam power could wind men and coal up and down a few hundred feet. By the 1860s there were pithead engines of 1500 hp. For 100 years from 1850 coal made up more than half of the railways freight. In 1913 one out of every 14 British workers was employed at a coalmine. In the same year there were 3,289 pits. Coal was used to power the giant iron works and the textile industry. The gasworks of the early 1800s were burning thousands of tons per year. 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